
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Log Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.09, sd = 0.52)}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Log Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.01, sd = 0.2)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
                                & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity            & 0.049$^{***}$ & 0.051$^{***}$ & 0.058$^{***}$ & 0.009$^{***}$ & 0.009$^{***}$ & 0.007$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.009)       & (0.009)       & (0.008)       & (0.003)       & (0.003)       & (0.002)\\   
   Population                   & 0.209$^{***}$ & 0.208$^{***}$ & 0.251$^{***}$ & 0.090$^{***}$ & 0.091$^{***}$ & 0.112$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.022)       & (0.023)       & (0.074)       & (0.012)       & (0.012)       & (0.030)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.026$^{***}$ & 0.027$^{***}$ & 0.036$^{***}$ & 0.003         & 0.003         & 0.004\\   
                                & (0.009)       & (0.009)       & (0.009)       & (0.003)       & (0.003)       & (0.005)\\   
   Predicted population         & 0.180$^{***}$ & 0.179$^{***}$ & 0.106         & 0.072$^{***}$ & 0.073$^{***}$ & 0.039\\   
                                & (0.042)       & (0.043)       & (0.077)       & (0.020)       & (0.020)       & (0.056)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                     & 0.062$^{***}$ & 0.064$^{***}$ & 0.076$^{***}$ & 0.011$^{***}$ & 0.012$^{***}$ & 0.010\\   
                                         & (0.012)       & (0.012)       & (0.013)       & (0.004)       & (0.004)       & (0.007)\\   
   Population                            & 0.180$^{***}$ & 0.178$^{***}$ & 0.160         & 0.072$^{***}$ & 0.073$^{***}$ & 0.058\\   
                                         & (0.020)       & (0.020)       & (0.122)       & (0.011)       & (0.011)       & (0.086)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 201; 50       & 201; 49       & 215; 300      & 201; 50       & 201; 49       & 215; 300\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.532$^{***}$     & 0.532$^{***}$     & 0.520$^{***}$     & -0.040$^{**}$ & -0.040$^{**}$ & -0.021$^{***}$ \\
                                & (0.041)           & (0.041)           & (0.046)           & (0.016)       & (0.016)       & (0.004)        \\
   Predicted population         & 0.058$^{*}$       & 0.060$^{*}$       & -0.028            & 0.981$^{***}$ & 0.982$^{***}$ & 0.674$^{***}$  \\
                                & (0.030)           & (0.031)           & (0.059)           & (0.142)       & (0.144)       & (0.049)        \\
    \\
   County-Surname fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects   & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Surname-Period fixed effects &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends      &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                 & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


